Minulý prostý čas
Otestuj si svoje znalostiDefinice minulého prostého času
Minulý prostý čas, kterému se někdy říká také préteritum, vyjadřuje ukončený děj v minulosti. V angličtině je to základní druh minulého času. Děj mohl proběhnout v minulosti nedávné i vzdálené a není podstatné, jak dlouho trval či probíhal.
Příklady
- John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
- My father died last year.
- He lived in Fiji in 1976.
- We crossed the Channel yesterday.
Minulý prostý čas se používá vždy, když vyjadřujeme, kdy se něco stalo, proto se obvykle pojí s určitými časovými určeními.
-
výrazy pro častost děje: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school. -
určitý okamžik v čase: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work at seven o'clock.
I went to the theatre last night. -
neurčitý okamžik v čase: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago
People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.
Poznámka: slovo ago je užitečným prostředkem pro vyjádření časové vzdálenosti. Stojí vždy až za časovým určením: a week ago, three years ago,
a minute ago.
Tvoření minulého prostého času
Pravidelná slovesa
| Kladná věta | ||
| Podmět | + sloveso + ed | |
| I | skipped. | |
| Záporná věta | ||
| Podmět | + did not | + infinitiv bez to |
| They | didn't | go. |
| Kladná otázka | ||
| Did | + podmět | + infinitiv bez to |
| Did | she | arrive? |
| Záporná otázka | ||
| Did not | + podmět | + infinitiv bez to |
| Didn't | you | play? |
To Walk
| Kladný tvar | Záporný tvar | Otázka |
|---|---|---|
| I walked | I didn't walk | Did I walk? |
| You walked | You didn't walk | Did you walk? |
| He walked | He didn't walk | Did he walk? |
| We walked | We didn't walk | Did we walk? |
| They walked | They didn't walk | Did they walk? |
Minulý prostý čas od sloves to be, to have, to do
| Podmět | Sloveso | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Be | Have | Do | |
| I | was | had | did |
| You | were | had | did |
| He/She/It | was | had | did |
| We | were | had | did |
| You | were | had | did |
| They | were | had | did |
Poznámky ke kladným a záporným tvarům a otázkám
Kladný tvar
Kladné tvary minulého prostého času jsou jednoduché.
- I was in Japan last year
- She had a headache yesterday.
- We did our homework last night.
Záporný tvar a otázka
U záporných a tázacích tvarů slovesa to do jakožto běžného významového slovesa "dělat" se v minulém prostém čase používá pomocné did, např.: We didn't do our homework last night.
Záporný tvar od have se obvykle tvoří také pomocí did, ale někde je možné přidat pouhé not či použít zkrácený tvar n't.
Otázka od have se v minulém prostém čase tvoří pomocí did.
Příklady
- They weren't in Rio last summer.
- We didn't have any money.
- We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
- We didn't do our exercises this morning.
- Were they in Iceland last January?
- Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
- Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
Poznámka: Záporné a tázací tvary všech sloves v minulém prostém čase se vždy tvoří pomocí did.
Nepravidelná slovesa
Některá slovesa tvoří minulé tvary nepravidelně. Tři časté příklady uvádíme níže:
to go
- He went to a club last night.
- Did he go to the cinema last night?
- He didn't go to bed early last night.
to give
- We gave her a doll for her birthday.
- They didn't give John their new address.
- Did Barry give you my passport?
to come
- My parents came to visit me last July.
- We didn't come because it was raining.
- Did he come to your party last week?